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Theban–Spartan War
The Theban–Spartan Warof 378–362 BC was a series of military conflicts fought between Sparta and Thebes for hegemony over Greece.
==378 BC – Theban coup==
In the years following the Spartan takeover, the exiled Thebans regrouped in Athens and, at the instigation of Pelopidas, prepared to liberate their city. Meanwhile, in Thebes, Epaminondas began preparing the young men of the city to fight the Spartans.〔Plutarch, ''Pelopidas'', 7〕 In the winter of 379 BC, a small group of the exiles, led by Pelopidas, infiltrated the city.〔Plutarch, ''Pelopidas'', 8–13〕 They then assassinated the leaders of the pro-Spartan government, and supported by Epaminondas and Gorgidas, who led a group of young men, and a force of Athenian hoplites, they surrounded the Spartans on the Cadmeia.〔Plutarch, ''Pelopidas'', 8–13; Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 5.4〕 The following day, Epaminondas and Gorgidas brought Pelopidas and his men before the Theban assembly and exhorted the Thebans to fight for their freedom; the assembly responded by acclaiming Pelopidas and his men as liberators. The Cadmeia was surrounded, and the Spartans attacked; Pelopidas realised that they must be expelled before an army came from Sparta to relieve them. The Spartan garrison eventually surrendered on the condition that they were allowed to march away unharmed. The narrow margin of the conspirators' success is demonstrated by the fact that the Spartan garrison met a Spartan force on the way to rescue them as they marched back to Sparta.〔Plutarch, ''Pelopidas'', 8–13. For a scrutiny of the primary sources concerning the re-establishment of the ''boiotarchia'', see Beck, ''Politics of Power'', 87–98〕 Plutarch portrays the Theban coup as an immensely significant event: ...the subsequent change in the political situation made this exploit the more glorious. For the war which broke down the pretensions of Sparta and put an end to her supremacy by land and sea, began from that night, in which people, not by surprising any fort or castle or citadel, but by coming into a private house with eleven others, loosed and broke in pieces, if the truth may be expressed in a metaphor, the fetters of the Lacedaemonian supremacy, which were thought indissoluble and not to be broken.〔
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